Which of the following OpenStack projects provides networking services to VMs?

Neutron is the core OpenStack project that provides "Networking as a Service" (NaaS). It is responsible for managing all virtual networking resources, including networks, subnets, ports, routers, and floating IPs. The OpenStack Compute service, Nova, interacts with Neutron to provide network connectivity for the virtual machines (VMs) it manages. Neutron's pluggable architecture allows it to integrate with various networking technologies, including those from Nokia (e.g., Nuage Networks VSP).

B. Nova: This is the OpenStack Compute service. It manages the lifecycle of VMs but relies on Neutron for networking services.
C. Keystone: This is the OpenStack Identity service. It provides authentication, authorization, and a service catalog for all OpenStack projects.
D. Horizon: This is the official web-based dashboard (GUI) for OpenStack, providing a user interface to manage the underlying services like Nova and Neutron.

1. Official OpenStack Documentation: "Neutron is an OpenStack project that provides networking as a service (NaaS)... It enables operators to leverage different networking technologies to power their cloud networking."

Source: OpenStack Docs, "What is Neutron?". Retrieved from https://docs.openstack.org/neutron/latest/

2. Nokia Official Documentation: In describing the integration with OpenStack, Nokia documentation consistently identifies the roles of core projects. "The Nokia CBAM VIM plug-in for OpenStack uses the standard OpenStack APIs to communicate with OpenStack services such as Nova, Neutron, Cinder, Glance, and Keystone."

Source: Nokia CloudBand Application Manager (CBAM) 20.6 User Guide, Section: "OpenStack VIM plug-in", Page 15.

3. University Courseware: "OpenStack Architecture... Neutron: Provides Networking as a Service. Manages virtual networks, subnets, routers, and IP addresses."

Source: Carnegie Mellon University, School of Computer Science, Course 15-319/619: Cloud Computing, Lecture 11: "IaaS: OpenStack", Slide 12.