Which types of network devices are MOST vulnerable due to age and complexity?

Operational Technology (OT) systems are particularly vulnerable due to their age, complexity, and

long upgrade cycles.

Legacy Systems: Often outdated, running on old hardware and software with limited update

capabilities.

Complexity: Integrates various control systems like SCADA, PLCs, and DCS, making consistent security

challenging.

Lack of Patching: Industrial environments often avoid updates due to fear of system disruptions.

Protocols: Many OT devices use insecure communication protocols that lack modern encryption.

Incorrect Options:

A . Ethernet: A network protocol, not a system prone to aging or complexity issues.

B . Mainframe technology: While old, these systems are typically better maintained and secured.

D . Wireless: While vulnerable, it’s not primarily due to age or inherent complexity.

Exact Extract from CCOA Official Review Manual, 1st Edition:

Refer to Chapter 7, Section "Securing Legacy Systems," Subsection "Challenges in OT Security" - OT

environments often face security challenges due to outdated and complex infrastructure.