Which of the following reports are delivered under oath to a board of directors/managers/panel of jury?

A report delivered "under oath" is a form of testimony, which is a solemn, legally binding declaration of facts. This process is inherently formal and occurs in structured settings such as a courtroom before a jury or during a formal inquiry by a board of directors. The act of taking an oath and subsequently presenting findings or facts is a verbal communication process. While this verbal report is typically based on an extensive written formal report, the delivery itself under oath is a spoken act, correctly classified as a Verbal Formal Report.

A. Written informal Report: The term "informal" contradicts the legal gravity and structured nature of a statement made "under oath."
C. Written Formal Report: A written report is a document or artifact. The act of delivering its contents or attesting to them "under oath" is a verbal process (testimony), not the document itself.
D. Verbal Informal Report: An informal report lacks the structure, solemnity, and legal accountability required when one is placed "under oath."

1. Casey, E. (2011). Handbook of Digital Forensics and Investigation. Academic Press.

Reference: Chapter 10, "Reporting and Presenting Evidence," Section: "Presenting Evidence in Court," pp. 339-341.

Content: The text distinguishes between the written expert report and the verbal testimony. It explains that testimony is the formal, oral presentation of evidence and opinions in a legal proceeding, delivered under oath, which is a classic example of a verbal formal report.

2. Federal Rules of Evidence, Rule 702. Testimony by Expert Witnesses. (As amended Apr. 26, 2011, eff. Dec. 1, 2011).

Reference: Rule 702.

Content: This rule governs the testimony of expert witnesses in U.S. federal courts. The rule's language focuses on "testimony," which is the verbal evidence given by a witness under oath. This establishes the formal, verbal nature of such reports in a legal context.

3. Giannelli, P. C., Imwinkelried, E. J., Peterson, J. L., & Moriarty, J. C. (2012). Scientific Evidence (5th ed.). LexisNexis.

Reference: Chapter 1, Section 1.10, "The Trial," subsection "Testimony of Witnesses."

Content: This legal textbook describes the trial process, clarifying that evidence is presented through the "testimony of witnesses," which is defined as oral statements made under oath in a formal court proceeding. This directly supports the concept of a verbal formal report.