Which jurisdiction must courts have in order to hear a particular case?

In order for a court to hear a case, it must have both personal jurisdiction and subject matter

jurisdiction. Personal jurisdiction refers to the authority of a court over the parties to a case, while

subject matter jurisdiction refers to the authority of a court to hear a particular type of case. For

example, a federal court may have subject matter jurisdiction over a case involving a federal law, but

it may not have personal jurisdiction over a defendant who has no contacts with the state where the

court is located. Similarly, a state court may have personal jurisdiction over a resident of the state,

but it may not have subject matter jurisdiction over a case involving a foreign treaty. Reference: [IAPP

CIPP/US Study Guide], Chapter 2: Introduction to U.S. Law, p. 25-26; Wex Legal Dictionary, Subject

Matter Jurisdiction and Personal Jurisdiction.