Which of the following would be an example of an "objective" privacy harm to an individual, based on Calo's Harm Dimensions?

According to Ryan Calo's framework, privacy harms can be categorized as objective or subjective. Objective harms are tangible, externally observable setbacks to an individual's interests, such as financial loss or unwanted intrusions. Receiving spam is a direct, tangible intrusion into one's digital life that consumes time and attention, making it an objective harm. In contrast, subjective harms are internal, mental experiences like fear, anxiety, or a feeling of being watched. Options B and C describe such subjective feelings, while D describes a data state that is not inherently a harm itself.

B. "Negative feelings" are the definition of a subjective harm, as they describe an internal emotional or psychological state rather than an external setback.
C. The feeling of unease from being unexpectedly observed is a subjective experience of being watched, not a tangible, objective harm.
D. Data inaccuracy is a data quality issue; it only becomes an objective harm when it leads to a tangible negative consequence, like being denied a service.

1. Calo, M. R. (2011). The Boundaries of Privacy Harm. Indiana Law Journal, 86(3), 1131-1162. (Calo introduces and defines the distinction between objective harms, described as "concrete setbacks to the projects and interests of individuals," and subjective harms, which are "negative emotional states").

2. Citron, D. K. (2009). Law's Expressive Value in Combating Cyber Gender Harassment. Michigan Law Review, 108(3), 373-415. (Discusses how harms like spam and harassment manifest as tangible burdens, aligning with Calo's objective harm category).