Which of the following is a peer-developed service now recognized as an evidence-based practice?

The Wellness Recovery Action Plan (WRAP) is a structured self-management and recovery system developed in the 1990s by Mary Ellen Copeland and a group of individuals with lived experience of mental health difficulties. It is designed to decrease and prevent intrusive or troubling feelings and behaviors and increase personal empowerment. Numerous studies have demonstrated its effectiveness in improving recovery outcomes, reducing symptoms, and increasing hope and quality of life. Based on this research, it has been formally recognized as an evidence-based practice by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA).

A. Advanced Mental Health Directives are legal instruments for self-determination in future treatment; they are not a peer-developed service model and are considered a promising, not an evidence-based, practice.

B. Self-Directed Care is a service delivery model empowering individuals with budget authority over their services; it was not specifically developed by peers as an intervention.

C. Supported Employment is a highly effective evidence-based practice but was developed primarily by vocational rehabilitation researchers and professionals, not by service users or peers.

1. Cook, J. A., Copeland, M. E., Jonikas, J. A., Hamilton, M. M., Razzano, L. A., Grey, D. D., ... & Powers, J. S. (2012). Results of a randomized controlled trial of mental illness self-management using Wellness Recovery Action Planning. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 38(4), 881–891. (See Abstract and Introduction, pp. 881-882, for details on WRAP's peer development and its testing as an evidence-based practice). https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbr012

2. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (n.d.). Wellness Recovery Action Plan (WRAP). Evidence-Based Practices Resource Center. Retrieved from https://www.samhsa.gov/resource/ebp/wellness-recovery-action-plan-wrap (This official page designates WRAP as an evidence-based program and describes its core components).

3. Pratt, C. W., Gill, K. J., Barrett, N. M., & Roberts, M. M. (2014). Psychiatric Rehabilitation (3rd ed.). Academic Press. (Chapter 10, "Evidence-Based and Promising Practices," discusses WRAP as a prominent peer-led, evidence-based self-management intervention, distinguishing it from professionally developed EBPs like Supported Employment).