Downtime during testing, losses in productivity, resistance to change and newmanuals are all description of:

The items listed—downtime during testing, losses in productivity, resistance to change, and new manuals—are all examples of internal costs, challenges, and artifacts associated with implementing a new project or system within a company. They represent disruptions and resource requirements that are borne by the organization itself. Therefore, "Internal organization" is the most accurate and comprehensive category that encompasses all these elements as they relate to the impacts of organizational change.

A. Project participants: This refers to the individuals involved. While they experience these issues, this term does not categorize the issues themselves, such as downtime or the creation of manuals.

B. Logical assets: This term refers to non-physical, information-based assets like software or data. Downtime, productivity loss, and resistance to change are costs or conditions, not assets.

C. External suppliers: These are entities outside the company. The described issues are inherently internal to the organization undergoing the change.

1. Organizational Change and Implementation: In discussions of implementing new technologies or processes

factors like employee resistance

temporary productivity dips

and the need for new training/documentation are consistently framed as internal organizational challenges. As noted in academic literature

"resistance to change is a multifaceted phenomenon

which can cause the failure of many well-conceived innovations... it is an internal organizational issue."

Laumer

S.

& Eckhardt

A. (2012). Why Do People Reject Technologies: A Review of User Resistance Theories. In: Dwivedi

Y.

Wade

M.

Schneberger

S. (eds) Information Systems Theory. Integrated Series in Information Systems

vol 28. Springer

New York

NY. (Specifically discusses resistance as an internal organizational/user phenomenon).

2. Project Management Body of Knowledge: The costs associated with a project extend beyond direct financial outlay. Indirect costs

such as productivity loss and operational downtime during implementation

are critical considerations for the organization managing the project. These are classified as internal project costs.

Project Management Institute. (2021). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) – Seventh Edition. Section 2.2.3

"Project Delivery

" discusses managing the impacts of project work on the organization's ongoing operations.

3. Supply Management Professional Literature: The implementation of new supply management systems involves significant organizational change management. The costs and challenges

including training (requiring manuals)

system testing (causing downtime)

and overcoming user resistance

are central to the internal organization's role in the project.

Handfield

R. B. (2011). The Supply Management Handbook (8th ed.). ISM/McGraw-Hill. Chapter 16

"Project Management for Supply Management

" details the internal considerations required for successful project implementation.