An organization is considering the outsourcing of its business processes related to payroll and information technology functions. Which of the…

Management retains ultimate accountability for the outcomes of outsourced processes. The most significant concern is ensuring that these processes achieve their intended business objectives, which is the definition of effectiveness. For example, the payroll must be accurate and timely, and IT functions must support business operations reliably. While efficiency (cost, speed) is important, an efficient process that fails to produce the correct, desired outcomes is a fundamental failure. Therefore, monitoring the effectiveness of the outsourced process to ensure it meets strategic and operational goals is the paramount concern for management.

A. Ensuring proper payment is an important transactional control, but it is secondary to verifying that the core service itself is being delivered effectively.

B. Ceding complete management control to a vendor is a major risk and abdication of responsibility; the organization must maintain oversight and governance.

C. Monitoring efficiency (e.g., cost per transaction) is important for cost control, but it is less critical than ensuring the process achieves its primary purpose (effectiveness).

1. The Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA)

International Professional Practices Framework (IPPF)

Standard 2110 – Governance. The standard states

"The internal audit activity must assess and make appropriate recommendations to improve the organization’s governance processes for... Making strategic and operational decisions... [and] Overseeing risk management and control." This oversight responsibility is paramount in outsourcing and focuses on achieving strategic objectives (effectiveness).

2. The Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA)

GTAG 7: Information Technology Outsourcing

2nd Edition (2012). Page 11 discusses monitoring

stating

"Monitoring should focus on whether the service provider is meeting its commitments and whether the expected benefits of outsourcing are being realized." Realizing expected benefits is a measure of effectiveness

not just efficiency.

3. Lacity

M. C.

& Willcocks

L. P. (2016). A new approach to automating services. MIT Sloan Management Review

58(1)

41-49. This and related works by these authors emphasize that outsourcing success is measured by business outcomes and value (effectiveness)

not solely by cost reduction metrics (efficiency). The client firm must establish governance mechanisms to monitor these outcomes.

4. University of Michigan

Ross School of Business

TO 618 (MBA Course): Operations and Supply Chain Management. Course materials on outsourcing and supplier management consistently emphasize the need for performance measurement systems that track key performance indicators (KPIs) related to quality

delivery

and strategic alignment (effectiveness)

in addition to cost metrics (efficiency).