All of the following have a restricted ability to enter into a contract EXCEPT:

For a contract to be legally valid, all parties must have the legal capacity to enter into it. Legal capacity is the ability to understand the terms and consequences of the contract. Certain classes of individuals are legally considered to have a restricted ability to contract, including minors, individuals who are mentally ill, and those under the influence of intoxicants. Their contracts are often voidable. Retirement status, however, does not affect an individual's legal capacity. A retired person is presumed to be a competent adult with the full ability to enter into a binding contract, provided no other legal impairment exists.

A. Individuals who are intoxicated may lack the mental capacity to understand the contract, making it voidable at their option.

B. Individuals who are mentally ill are legally considered to lack the capacity to enter a binding contract, which may be void or voidable.

C. Minors lack full legal capacity, and contracts they enter into are generally voidable at their discretion.

1. Restatement (Second) of Contracts (1981). This authoritative legal treatise outlines the principles of contractual capacity.

§ 14 "Infants": States that a person has the capacity to incur only voidable contractual duties until the beginning of the day before their eighteenth birthday.

§ 15 "Mental Illness or Defect": Details how a contract is voidable if a party, by reason of mental illness or defect, is unable to understand the nature and consequences of the transaction.

§ 16 "Intoxicated Persons": Explains that a contract is voidable if the other party has reason to know that due to intoxication, the person is unable to understand the transaction.

2. Code of Virginia, Title 11. Contracts, § 11-1. "Contracts, etc., of infants." This statute explicitly addresses the legal standing of contracts made by minors (referred to as "infants" in the code), confirming their restricted contractual ability in Virginia.

3. Ayres, I., & Klass, G. (2012). Studies in Contract Law (8th ed.). Foundation Press. This university-level textbook, used in law school curricula, extensively covers the doctrine of capacity. Chapter 7, "Policing the Bargain," details why minors, the mentally infirm, and the intoxicated are protected classes with limited contractual capacity, while no such restriction applies to individuals based on their employment or retirement status.