Select the best option below to complete the following sentence. Your apps need cloud resources which are______and then__

The standard lifecycle for making cloud resources available to an application involves two primary, sequential steps. First, the cloud management system reserves the necessary compute, storage, and network resources from the underlying physical infrastructure pool for a specific tenant or application; this is allocation. Following this, the system sets up and configures these raw resources with the required operating systems, software stacks, and application-specific configurations to make them operational. This second step is known as provisioning. This sequence ensures resources are secured before they are configured for use.

A. "Commissioned" is more typical for physical hardware, and "instantiated" is a component of the broader provisioning process, not a distinct subsequent phase.
C. "Started" refers to a resource's power state (e.g., starting a VM), which happens during or after provisioning, not as a primary setup step before commissioning.
D. "Distributed" describes a system architecture, not a resource lifecycle step, and "terminated" is the final phase of releasing resources, not the initial setup.

1. ETSI GS NFV-MAN 001 V1.1.1 (2014-12), "Network Functions Virtualisation (NFV); Management and Orchestration": This foundational standard for telecommunications cloud, highly relevant to Nokia's domain, implicitly defines this sequence. The Virtualised Infrastructure Manager (VIM) is responsible for resource allocation (Section 6.4.3, "Virtualised resources management functions"). The VNF Manager (VNFM) then uses these resources to instantiate and configure the virtual function, which constitutes provisioning (Section 6.3.2, "VNF Lifecycle Management").

2. Nokia CloudBand Documentation: Official Nokia CloudBand documentation, such as the CloudBand Application Manager (CBAM) User Guide, describes the VNF/CNF onboarding and instantiation process. The process clearly separates the role of the Virtual Infrastructure Manager (VIM) in allocating resources from the role of CBAM as the NFV Manager in provisioning (instantiating and configuring) the network function on those allocated resources.

3. Armbrust, M., et al. (2009). "Above the Clouds: A Berkeley View of Cloud Computing." University of California, Berkeley, Technical Report No. UCB/EECS-2009-28. This seminal academic paper on cloud computing discusses the concept of utility computing where resources are provisioned on-demand. The text distinguishes between the allocation of abstract resources and the provisioning of usable instances, stating, "A key aspect is the elasticity of resources, which means that the resources allocated to a service can be increased or decreased dynamically..." (Section 3.1, Page 4). This highlights allocation as the foundational step before a usable service is provisioned.