Which of the following ensures that a party to a dispute cannot deny the authenticity of their signature on a document or the sending of a message…

Non-repudiation is a term that refers to the ability to ensure that a party to a dispute cannot deny

the authenticity of their signature on a

document or the sending of a message that they originated.

Non-repudiation is the concept of ensuring that a party in a dispute cannot refuse to acknowledge,

or refute the validity of a statement or

contract. As a service, it provides proof of the integrity and origin of data. Although this concept can

be applied to any transmission, including

television and radio, by far the most common application is in the verification and trust of signatures.

Answer A is incorrect. Confidentiality is a mechanism that ensures that only the intended and

authorized recipients are able to read

data. The data is so encrypted that even if an unauthorized user gets access to it, he will not get any

meaning out of it.

Answer C is incorrect. Reconnaissance is a term that refers to information gathering behaviors that

aim to profile the organization,

employees, network, and systems before an attack is performed efficiently. It is the first step in the

process of intrusion and involves

unauthorized discovery and mapping of systems, services, or vulnerabilities. These discovery and

mapping techniques are commonly known as

scanning and enumeration. Common tools, commands, and utilities used for scanning and

enumeration include ping, telnet, nslookup, rpcinfo,

File Explorer, finger, etc.

Reconnaissance activities take place before performing a malicious attack. These activities are used

to increase the probability of successful

operation against the target, and to increase the probability of hiding the attacker's identity.

Answer B is incorrect. OS fingerprinting is a process in which an external host sends special traffic on

the external network interface of

a computer to determine the computer's operating system. It is one of the primary steps taken by

hackers in preparing an attack.