Heavy steel columns and rigid connections between columns and beams Vertical steel trusses in the external walls Light steel columns and flexible…

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

Using vertical steel trusses in the external walls (B) allows for efficient lateral load resistance by

creating a stiff, braced perimeter that resists wind and seismic forces with less material compared to

internal bracing or heavy columns.

Heavy steel columns and rigid connections (A) require more steel and complex joints, increasing cost.

Light steel columns with flexible connections (C) provide less stiffness and require more members.

Internal steel trusses (D) reduce usable space and complicate architectural layouts.

External vertical trusses optimize structural efficiency and cost, as supported in NCARB PPD

guidelines for high-rise construction.

Reference:

ARE 5.0 PPD – Structural Systems

The Architect’s Handbook of Professional Practice, 15th Edition – Steel Structures